Top 10 Universities in Tanzania 2025

The 2025 Tanzania Higher Education Landscape: An Analytical Report on University Rankings and Institutional Performance

Executive Summary

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the university landscape in the United Republic of Tanzania for the year 2025. The findings indicate a clear hierarchy within the nation's higher education sector, consistently led by the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), the country's flagship comprehensive institution.¹ Alongside UDSM, a distinct "Elite Tier" of specialized public universities has emerged, each dominating its respective field:

Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) in agricultural and life sciences, and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) in medicine and healthcare.³

A critical finding of this analysis is the necessary distinction between performance-based international rankings and the official, legally binding accreditation status conferred by the Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU). While international rankings provide valuable metrics on research output and global visibility, the TCU's register is the definitive arbiter of institutional legitimacy and operational authority.⁴ A comprehensive assessment of any Tanzanian university requires the concurrent consideration of both these performance and regulatory frameworks.

The sector is on the cusp of significant transformation, driven by strategic government and international investments. The World Bank-funded Higher Education for Economic Transformation (HEET) project is channeling substantial funds into infrastructure and curriculum development, poised to enhance the capacity and competitiveness of beneficiary institutions.⁶ Concurrently, the

National Digital Education Strategy signals a systemic shift towards integrating technology in teaching, learning, and administration, establishing a new frontier for institutional competition and innovation.⁸

Ultimately, this report concludes that the selection of a university in Tanzania for postgraduate study or partnership necessitates a nuanced, multi-source evaluation. Stakeholders are advised to look beyond a single ranking metric and engage in a holistic analysis that considers an institution's specific academic specializations, its official accreditation status with the TCU, and its strategic trajectory in response to national development priorities.

The 2025 Tanzanian University Ranking Synthesis

Understanding the Ranking Landscape

The evaluation of Tanzanian universities is conducted by several international bodies, each employing a distinct methodology. Understanding these differences is crucial for interpreting the rankings accurately.

• Webometrics (Ranking Web of Universities): Published biannually since 2004, Webometrics aims to promote open access to knowledge by evaluating the web presence of over 32,000 higher education institutions worldwide. Its methodology is not based on student visits or page design but on a composite indicator of web content volume, visibility, and the impact of these publications as measured by external links (citations). The ranking model uses both webometric and bibliometric indicators to assess an institution's commitment to web publication and knowledge dissemination.⁹
• Times Higher Education (THE): The THE World University Rankings are among the most influential global league tables, focusing on research-intensive universities. Institutions are judged across five core areas: Teaching (the learning environment), Research Environment (volume, income, and reputation), Research Quality (citation impact, research strength, excellence, and influence), Industry (knowledge transfer), and International Outlook (staff, students, and research).¹² Only a few Tanzanian universities currently feature in this ranking, typically in the 1501+ band, indicating their status as emerging participants on the global research stage.¹⁴
• UniRanks: This ranking system evaluates institutions based on a composite of performance, global presence, and academic excellence. A key feature of UniRanks is its verification process, which ensures that listed institutions are officially recognized, chartered, or accredited by the appropriate national higher education authorities, providing a layer of validation.¹
• AD Scientific Index: This ranking system provides a unique perspective by focusing on the scientific performance and research impact of individual scientists and their affiliated institutions. It uses metrics such as the h-index, i10-index, and total citation counts to rank institutions, offering a clear view of their research productivity and influence within the academic community.¹⁶
• QS World University Rankings: While no Tanzanian universities are currently listed in the top global tiers of the QS rankings, its methodology serves as an important international benchmark. The QS framework heavily weights Academic Reputation (30%) and Employer Reputation (15%), alongside metrics like Citations per Faculty, Faculty-Student Ratio, and internationalization indicators, reflecting a strong emphasis on institutional prestige and graduate outcomes.¹⁸

Consolidated 2025 Ranking Data

To provide a clear and comparative overview of the Tanzanian higher education hierarchy, the following table consolidates the latest available data from the primary ranking systems alongside the official accreditation status from the Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU).

University Name	TCU Accreditation Status	UniRanks 2025 (National)	UniRanks 2025 (Global)	THE WUR 2025 (Global)	AD Scientific Index 2025 (National)	Webometrics (National)
University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM)	Accredited and Chartered	1	1588	1501+	3	1
Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)	Accredited and Chartered	2	3191	N/A	1	3
Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences (MUHAS)	Accredited and Chartered	3	3258	1501+	2	2
University of Dodoma (UDOM)	Accredited and Chartered	4	3963	N/A	5	4
Ardhi University (ARU)	Accredited and Chartered	5	5030	N/A	11	9
Catholic University of Health & Allied Sciences (CUHAS)	Accredited	6	5895	N/A	6	7
Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST)	Accredited and Chartered	31	16480	N/A	4	11
Mzumbe University (MU)	Accredited and Chartered	11	10370	N/A	7	5
Open University of Tanzania (OUT)	Accredited and Chartered	9	6608	N/A	9	6
State University of Zanzibar (SUZA)	Accredited	8	6590	N/A	12	13
Hubert Kairuki Memorial University (HKMU)	Accredited and Chartered	10	8157	N/A	15	14
Saint Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT)	Accredited and Chartered	12	10775	N/A	16	20
College of Business Education (CBE)	Accredited and Chartered	15	12412	Reporter	8	21
Mkwawa University College of Education	Accredited	13	12320	N/A	10	8
Dar Es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT)	Accredited	17	12808	N/A	18	16

Note: Data compiled from sources ¹, and.¹ Webometrics data is based on the latest available 2024 ranking as a proxy for 2025. "Reporter" status in THE indicates an institution provided data but did not meet the eligibility criteria to receive a rank.

Analysis of Performance and Discrepancies

The consolidated data reveals that a university's rank is not an absolute measure but is highly dependent on the methodology of the ranking system. This is most evident in the performance of Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA). In the AD Scientific Index, which is based purely on research citation metrics, SUA holds the #1 position in Tanzania.¹⁷ This top placement is a direct result of its formidable research output, with one report noting its scholars have accumulated over 123,000 citations.²⁰ However, in more holistic rankings like UniRanks, which consider a broader range of factors including web presence and overall reputation, SUA is ranked #2, behind the University of Dar es Salaam.¹ This variance demonstrates that while SUA is a national leader in research impact, UDSM's strengths are more balanced across the multiple indicators used in comprehensive evaluations, securing its consistent #1 position in those tables.¹ This underscores the importance for stakeholders to select a ranking system whose methodology aligns with their specific priorities, whether that be pure research prowess or overall institutional prestige.

When placed in a continental context, Tanzania's leading universities are competitive but not yet at the apex of African higher education. The University of Dar es Salaam is ranked #32 in Africa by UniRanks, with Sokoine University of Agriculture at #96.¹ Notably, the 2024 Times Higher Education Sub-Saharan Africa University Rankings do not feature any Tanzanian institutions in the top 25, a list dominated by universities from South Africa, Rwanda, Ghana, and Nigeria.²² This suggests that while Tanzania's top universities are strong national and regional players, they are still developing the scale of research funding, extensive international collaboration networks, and global brand recognition that characterize the continent's highest-ranked institutions. For international partners and students, this positions Tanzanian universities as hubs of strong regional expertise that are on an upward trajectory but may not yet offer the same level of global network access as their counterparts in other African nations.

The Regulatory Landscape: The Role of the Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU)

Beyond the fluctuating metrics of performance rankings, the foundational measure of a university's standing in Tanzania is its official status with the Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU). As the government body established under the Universities Act, the TCU holds the exclusive legal mandate to recognize, register, approve programs, and accredit all public and private university institutions in the country.⁴ Its determinations are not a measure of performance but of legal legitimacy and quality assurance. Therefore, the TCU's official list of registered institutions serves as the primary and non-negotiable starting point for any due diligence process.

The TCU assigns several distinct statuses to institutions, each with significant implications for students and partners:

• Accredited and Chartered: This is the highest level of recognition. It signifies that the university has met all of the TCU's rigorous quality assurance standards and has been granted a charter, which is the legal instrument that empowers it to operate independently and confer its own degrees. Institutions like the University of Dar es Salaam, Sokoine University of Agriculture, and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences hold this status.⁴
• Accredited: This status indicates that the university has met the necessary quality standards for its programs and operations. However, it may not yet have its own charter and could be operating as a constituent college of a chartered university. An example is the State University of Zanzibar.⁵
• Provisional Licence: This is a probationary status granted to new institutions. It allows them to begin operations and admit students while they work towards meeting the full criteria for accreditation. Enrolling in an institution with a provisional licence carries a higher degree of risk, as there is no guarantee it will achieve full accreditation. Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere University of Agriculture and Technology is an example of an institution with this status.⁵

The indispensable role of verifying an institution's status directly with the TCU cannot be overstated. International ranking databases, while useful, may have data lags or use ambiguous terminology. For instance, UniRanks lists St Joseph University in Tanzania (SJUIT) as being "Under Review," a term that is not part of the official TCU nomenclature.¹ The official TCU register, however, clarifies SJUIT's status as "Accredited".⁴ This discrepancy highlights why stakeholders must treat the TCU's official website as the single source of truth for institutional legitimacy. Before considering any performance-based rankings, the first step must be to confirm that an institution is fully registered and holds an appropriate accreditation status from the TCU, thereby mitigating the risk of engaging with an institution that lacks full legal and quality assurance standing.

Institutional Deep Dive: Profiles of Tanzania's Leading Universities

While rankings provide a quantitative snapshot, a deeper understanding requires a qualitative analysis of the nation's leading institutions. Each university possesses a unique identity, a distinct set of academic strengths, and a specific strategic focus. The following profiles offer a multi-faceted view of Tanzania's top-tier universities.

University	National Rank (Consolidated)	Primary Specialization	Flagship Programs/Colleges
University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM)	1	Comprehensive	School of Law, College of Engineering & Technology (CoET), UDSM Business School (UDBS)
Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)	2	Agriculture & Life Sciences	Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine, Forestry, Environmental Science
Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences (MUHAS)	3	Medicine & Health Sciences	Doctor of Medicine (MD), Pharmacy, Dentistry, Nursing
University of Dodoma (UDOM)	4	Comprehensive (Large-Scale)	Education, College of Informatics & Virtual Education (CIVE), Health Sciences
Ardhi University (ARU)	5	Built Environment & Land Sciences	Architecture, Urban Planning, Geomatics, Real Estate

University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM): The National Flagship

Overview: As Tanzania's oldest, largest, and most prestigious public university, the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) is the undisputed intellectual and academic heart of the nation.³ Established in 1961 and located in the nation's economic capital, Dar es Salaam, it has a long history of producing influential alumni who have shaped the country's development.²⁶

Ranking Performance: UDSM consistently secures the #1 national position in comprehensive rankings such as UniRanks (where it is placed #1588 globally) and Webometrics.¹ It is one of the few Tanzanian institutions to be included in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, placing in the 1501+ band for 2025, a testament to its international visibility.¹⁴

Academic Strengths: UDSM is a comprehensive university offering a vast array of programs, with over 112 undergraduate and 150 postgraduate degrees.²⁸ Its flagship units are widely regarded as the best in the country, including the School of Law, the College of Engineering and Technology (CoET), the UDSM Business School (UDBS), and its colleges for Humanities and Social Sciences.³

Research & Strategic Initiatives: The university's research efforts are guided by a formal Research Agenda (2018-2028), which aligns its focus with national development priorities such as science and technology, industrial development, agriculture, governance, and sustainable tourism.³¹ The Directorate of Research and Publication actively works to foster a robust research culture and build collaborative links with industry and international partners.³² UDSM is also a key national hub for climate change research through its Centre for Climate Change Studies.³³

Student Life & Culture: UDSM hosts a large and diverse student body of over 35,000, creating a vibrant and dynamic campus environment.²⁸ Student reviews consistently praise the university's strong reputation, academic rigor, and the quality of its faculty.²⁷ However, the large scale of the institution presents challenges. Students advise the need for significant self-discipline to succeed and note that campus services, particularly accommodation, can be strained by the high enrollment numbers.³⁵

Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA): The Agricultural Powerhouse

Overview: Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) is the nation's premier specialized institution dedicated to agricultural and life sciences. Located in Morogoro, on the slopes of the Uluguru mountains, it is the undisputed center of excellence for agriculture, veterinary medicine, forestry, and environmental sciences in Tanzania.³

Ranking Performance: While consistently ranked #2 nationally in broad-based rankings like UniRanks, SUA's exceptional research impact places it at #1 in the citation-focused AD Scientific Index.¹ Its strong continental reputation is reflected in its ranking as #96 in Africa by UniRanks.¹

Academic Strengths: SUA's academic portfolio is world-class in its areas of specialization. The university is structured into highly focused units, including the College of Agriculture, the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and the College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism.³⁷ It offers a comprehensive range of programs from diplomas to PhDs in fields such as Agronomy, Animal Science, Aquaculture, Agricultural Engineering, and Wildlife Management.³⁷

Research & Strategic Initiatives: Research and innovation are central to SUA's mission. The university recently launched a TZS 1 billion competitive grant initiative to fund approximately 30 new research projects focused on agricultural technology and sustainable farming, with an emphasis on integrating cutting-edge tools like remote sensing, AI, and IoT sensors.⁴² SUA actively pursues international collaborations to advance its research agenda, exemplified by a recent MoU with the U.S.-based company CEBOT to lead in AgTech innovation and trade across Africa.⁴³

Student Life & Culture: The student experience at SUA is defined by its motto of "theory meets practice." Students and alumni praise the university's commitment to hands-on training through real-life agricultural projects, which equips graduates with practical skills for employment and entrepreneurship.³⁸ The campus is noted for its beautiful natural environment and the affordable cost of living in Morogoro. However, some students report challenges with administrative efficiency and campus-wide internet connectivity. On-campus accommodation services are generally considered to be of high quality.⁴⁵

Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS): The Premier Medical Institution

Overview: As Tanzania's oldest and largest public health sciences university, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) is the nation's leading institution for medical training, research, and public service. It is located in Dar es Salaam, with its main teaching and clinical activities centered at the Muhimbili and Mloganzila campuses.²⁵

Ranking Performance: MUHAS is firmly positioned within the nation's top three universities. It is ranked #3 nationally by UniRanks (#3258 globally) and #2 by the research-centric AD Scientific Index, reflecting its significant contributions to medical research.¹ In the THE World University Rankings 2025, it is placed in the 1501+ band, on par with UDSM, highlighting its international standing in the health sciences.¹⁵

Academic Strengths: MUHAS is the undisputed leader in medical and healthcare education in Tanzania. Its flagship programs, including the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm), Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS), and Bachelor of Science in Nursing, are considered the gold standard in the country.³ The university is organized into specialized schools for Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry, Public Health, and Pharmacy, offering a comprehensive and in-depth curriculum.⁴⁸

Research & Strategic Initiatives: Research is a core function of MUHAS, which is engaged in over 40 major research projects at any given time.⁵² The university maintains a long-standing and productive partnership with the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, collaborating on research and training related to critical national health issues such as HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and maternal-child health.⁵² This international collaboration enhances its research capacity and global impact.

Student Life & Culture: The student experience at MUHAS is characterized by a rigorous, competency-based curriculum and unparalleled access to clinical training. Testimonials from students highlight the value of learning directly from expert medical specialists at affiliated teaching hospitals like Muhimbili National Hospital.⁵³ While students praise the quality of education and hands-on experience, they also note the demanding nature of the programs and the stress associated with frequent examinations. As with other growing public universities, infrastructure, especially student accommodation, is cited as an area facing challenges.⁵³

University of Dodoma (UDOM): The Comprehensive Giant

Overview: Established in 2007, the University of Dodoma (UDOM) is a major public university strategically located in Tanzania's capital city. Situated on a vast 6,000-hectare campus, it was designed for large-scale enrollment and is poised to become the largest university in the country by student population.²⁵

Ranking Performance: UDOM is solidly ranked among the top five universities in Tanzania, placing #4 nationally in both the UniRanks (#3963 globally) and Webometrics rankings.¹

Academic Strengths: UDOM is a comprehensive institution offering a wide spectrum of academic programs across its seven colleges. It has established a strong reputation in several key areas, particularly in the College of Education, the College of Informatics and Virtual Education (CIVE)—which is a national leader in ICT—the College of Health and Allied Sciences, and the College of Earth Sciences.⁵⁵ With 145 different programs on offer, its portfolio is one of the most diverse in the nation.⁵⁶

Research & Strategic Initiatives: UDOM is focused on expanding its postgraduate and research capacity. It is actively working to establish new PhD programs and enhance its research facilities, often through international partnerships.⁵⁷ Its location in Dodoma provides a unique strategic advantage for research and consultancy related to public policy, governance, and national development, given its proximity to government ministries and agencies.

Student Life & Culture: The university offers a vibrant campus life with a wide range of student clubs, societies, and sports activities available on its expansive grounds.⁵⁸ UDOM provides extensive on-campus accommodation in its large dormitory complexes.⁵⁵ For students aspiring to careers in the public sector, its location in the capital city is a significant advantage, offering easier access to internships and networking opportunities within government institutions.

Ardhi University (ARU): The Built Environment Specialist

Overview: Ardhi University (ARU) is Tanzania's premier specialized institution focused on the built environment. Located in Dar es Salaam, it is the only university in the region that offers an integrated curriculum covering land management, architecture, urban planning, environmental engineering, and real estate studies under one roof.³

Ranking Performance: ARU is ranked #5 in Tanzania by UniRanks (#5030 globally) and #9 by Webometrics.¹ Significantly, the Times Higher Education rankings have recognized ARU's distinct strength in practical education, naming it the #1 university in Tanzania for practical training in 2024.⁶²

Academic Strengths: The university's academic offerings are highly specialized and respected in their fields. Key programs include Bachelor of Architecture, Bachelor of Science in Urban and Regional Planning, Bachelor of Science in Geomatics, Bachelor of Science in Real Estate (Finance and Investment), and Bachelor of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering.⁶³

Research & Strategic Initiatives: ARU is undergoing a period of significant strategic investment. It is a major beneficiary of the World Bank-funded Higher Education for Economic Transformation (HEET) project, having received a TZS 67.7 billion allocation. These funds are being used to construct a new campus in Mwanza, develop new market-relevant curricula, and expand its infrastructure to increase student enrollment.⁶ This project is a core component of its strategic plan to become a leading center of excellence that advances sustainable development, particularly in land and urban management.⁶¹

Student Life & Culture: The academic culture at ARU is defined by its practice-centered approach, which emphasizes hands-on learning and studio-based projects to blend theory with practical application.⁶² While this approach is highly valued, the university, like other public institutions in Dar es Salaam, faces significant challenges with student accommodation. Research indicates a severe scarcity of on-campus housing, a situation that disproportionately affects female students and can impact their academic performance.⁷⁰

Strategic Analysis and Future Outlook

The Tanzanian higher education sector is at a pivotal moment, shaped by targeted government policies and strategic investments aimed at enhancing quality, access, and economic relevance. These initiatives are set to redefine the competitive landscape and influence the trajectory of the nation's universities in the coming years.

The Impact of Government Policy and Investment

Two major national initiatives are driving the current transformation. First, the Higher Education for Economic Transformation (HEET) project, funded by the World Bank, represents a significant capital injection into the sector. This five-year project is designed to revitalize and expand the capacity of universities to contribute to innovation and economic development.⁶ For a beneficiary institution like Ardhi University, its TZS 67.7 billion allocation is transformative, enabling the construction of an entirely new campus in Mwanza, the development of new curricula aligned with labor market needs, and a planned enrollment increase from 6,657 to 11,000 students by 2029.⁷ Such investments are a direct causal factor that will almost certainly lead to improved facilities, enhanced research capacity, and a stronger performance in future rankings for participating universities.

Second, the National Digital Education Strategy (2024-2030) signals a fundamental, government-led push to integrate Information and Communication Technology (ICT) across the entire education system.⁸ This strategy provides a framework for universities to upgrade their digital infrastructure, develop digital content, and build the capacity of staff and students in digital literacy.⁷¹ The implementation of this national policy will compel all universities to invest in modern learning management systems (LMS), digital libraries, and robust internet connectivity. Institutions that effectively adopt this strategy will gain a significant competitive advantage. They will be better positioned to attract a new generation of tech-savvy students, participate in global digital research networks, and improve administrative efficiencies. Proactive engagement, such as Ardhi University's project to donate computers and provide ICT training to local primary schools, demonstrates an alignment with this national goal and positions the institution as a leader in the digital transition.⁷³ In the future, an institution's ability to execute its digital transformation will likely become a key differentiator and a critical factor in both student recruitment and ranking performance.

Key Challenges and Opportunities

Despite these positive strategic developments, the sector continues to face persistent challenges. Infrastructure deficits remain a primary concern. The rapid increase in student enrollment over the past decade has outpaced the development of physical facilities, leading to a critical shortage of on-campus student accommodation at many public universities, particularly in Dar es Salaam.⁷⁰ Furthermore, inadequate

internet connectivity remains a barrier to effective digital learning, especially for institutions with campuses outside major urban centers.⁴⁴ The expansion of physical campuses, such as ARU's new development in Mwanza, represents a direct response to the opportunity to increase access and alleviate some of these infrastructure pressures.⁶

The drive for internationalization and research funding presents both a challenge and a significant opportunity. To improve their standing in global and continental rankings, Tanzanian universities must increase their research output and enhance their global visibility. This is intrinsically linked to their ability to secure international research grants and form collaborative partnerships.¹⁸ Institutions like SUA and UDSM are actively pursuing this strategy, with SUA's TZS 1 billion research grant and its MoU with an American AgTech firm being prime examples of efforts to bolster research capacity and global engagement.³³

Finally, ensuring graduate employability is a central opportunity for universities to demonstrate their value. There is a clear and growing emphasis across the sector on aligning curricula with the demands of the labor market and equipping students with practical, entrepreneurial skills.³ Specialized universities like SUA and ARU are leveraging their hands-on, practice-oriented teaching models as a key competitive advantage in producing graduates who are ready for the workforce.⁶²

Conclusion and Recommendations for Stakeholders

The analysis of Tanzania's higher education landscape in 2025 points to a dynamic and evolving sector characterized by a clear institutional hierarchy, significant strategic investment, and a set of persistent challenges. To navigate this complex environment, stakeholders should adopt a multi-layered and evidence-based approach.

For Prospective Students: The selection of a university should be based on a "triangulation" method that balances legitimacy, performance, and personal fit.

1. Verify Legitimacy: Begin by consulting the official register of the Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU) to confirm that an institution is fully accredited and legally chartered to operate. This is the foundational step to mitigate risk.
2. Assess Performance: Use the consolidated ranking data presented in this report to identify the top-performing institutions. Pay attention to how a university performs across different ranking systems to understand its specific strengths (e.g., research impact vs. overall reputation).
3. Determine Fit: Finally, consult the detailed institutional profiles to find the university that best aligns with specific academic and career goals. A student aspiring to a career in medicine should prioritize MUHAS, while one focused on urban planning would find the best fit at ARU, regardless of their overall numerical rank.

For Academic Advisors: A holistic advisory approach is recommended. Advisors should guide students to look beyond the singular #1 national rank held by UDSM and consider the unique, world-class specializations offered by other elite institutions. For students with clear career paths in agriculture, health sciences, or the built environment, specialized universities like SUA, MUHAS, and ARU often represent a more suitable and direct path to expertise.³

For Institutional Leaders: The pathway to improved national and international standing is clear. Strategic success will depend on effective alignment with national development priorities, particularly the HEET project and the National Digital Education Strategy. Targeted investment in research areas that can generate high-impact publications is essential for boosting citation-based metrics. Finally, enhancing the qualitative student experience—especially by addressing critical infrastructure gaps in accommodation and digital services—will be crucial for attracting and retaining top talent. As noted by university leaders, increasing the transparency and online availability of institutional data is also a simple but vital step towards ensuring accurate and favorable evaluation by international ranking bodies.³⁸